Nature's Nether Regions Page 28
Ramos, M., D. J. Irschick, and T. E. Christenson. 2004. “Overcoming an Evolutionary Conflict: Removal of a Reproductive Organ Greatly Increases Locomotor Performance.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101:4883–87.
Randerson, J., and L. Hurst. 2001. “The Uncertain Evolution of the Sexes.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16:571–79.
Raverat, G. 1952. Period Piece: A Cambridge Childhood. London: Faber and Faber.
Redi, F. 1684. Osservazioni intorno agli animali viventi. Florence: Piero Matini.
Reeder, D. M. 2003. “The Potential for Cryptic Female Choice in Primates: Behavioral, Physiological, and Anatomical Considerations.” In Sexual Selection and Reproductive Competition in Primates: New Perspectives and Directions, edited by C. B. Jones, 255–303. Norman, OK: American Society of Primatologists.
Reinhard, J., and D. M. Rowell. 2005. “Social Behaviour in an Australian Velvet Worm, Euperipatoides rowelli (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae).” Journal of Zoology 267:1–7.
Reinhardt, K., and M. T. Siva-Jothy. 2007. “Biology of the Bed Bugs (Cimicidae).” Annual Review of Entomology 52:351–74.
Reise, H. 2007. “A Review of Mating Behavior in Slugs of the Genus Deroceras (Pulmonata: Agriolimacidae).” American Malacological Bulletin 23:137–56.
Reise, H., and J. M. C. Hutchinson. 2002. “Penis-Biting Slugs: Wild Claims and Confusion.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17:163.
Retief, T. A., N. C. Bennett, A. A. Kinahan, and P. W. Bateman. 2013. “Sexual Selection and Genital Allometry in the Hottentot Golden Mole (Amblysomus hottentotus).” Mammalian Biology 78:356–60.
Řezáč, M. 2009. “The Spider Harpactea sadistica: Co-Evolution of Traumatic Insemination and Complex Female Genital Morphology in Spiders.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276:2697–701.
Rice, W. R. 1998. “Intergenomic Conflict, Interlocus Antagonistic Coevolution, and the Evolution of Reproductive Isolation.” In Endless Forms: Species and Speciation, edited by D. J. Howard and S. J. Berlocher, 261–70. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Richards, O. W. 1927. “The Specific Characters of the British Humblebees (Hymenoptera).” Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 75:233–68.
Richmond, M. P., S. Johnson, and T. A. Markow. 2012. “Evolution of Reproductive Morphology Among Recently Diverged Taxa in the Drosophila mojavensis Species Cluster.” Ecology and Evolution 2:397–408.
Ridley, M. 1993. The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature. London: Harper.
Riemann, J. G., and B. J. Thorson. 1969. “Effect of Male Accessory Material on Oviposition and Mating by Female House Flies.” Annals of the Entomological Society of America 62:828–34.
Rivnay, E. 1933. “The Tropisms Effecting Copulation in the Bed Bug.” Psyche 40: 115–20.
Roach, M. 2008. Bonk: The Curious Coupling of Science and Sex. New York: Norton.
Roberts, E. K., A. Lu, T. J. Bergman, and J. C. Beehner. 2012. “A Bruce Effect in Wild Geladas.” Science 335:1222–25.
Robertson, S. A., J. J. Bromfield, and K. P. Tremellen. 2003. “Seminal ‘Priming’ for Protection from Pre-Eclampsia: A Unifying Hypothesis.” Journal of Reproductive Immunology 59:253–65.
Rodriguez, V., D. M. Windsor, and W. G. Eberhard. 2004. “Tortoise Beetle Genitalia and Demonstrations of a Sexually Selected Advantage for Flagellum Length in Chelymorpha alternans (Chrysomelidae, Cassidini, Stolaini).” In New Developments in the Biology of Chrysomelidae, edited by P. Jolivet, J. A. Santiago-Blay, and M. Schmitt, 739–48. The Hague: SBP Academic Publishing.
Rönn, J. L., M. Katvala, and G. Arnqvist. 2007. “Coevolution Between Harmful Male Genitalia and Female Resistance in Seed Beetles.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104:10921–25.
Rowlands, I. W. 1957. “Insemination of the Guinea-Pig by Intraperitoneal Injection.” Journal of Endocrinology 16:98–106.
Rozendaal, S. 2006. “Over eitjes en dierckens.” Elsevier, 48:86.
Rubenstein, N. M., G. R. Cunha, Y. Z. Wang, K. L. Campbell, A. J. Conley, K. C. Catania, S. E. Glickman, and N. J. Place. 2003. “Variation in Ovarian Morphology in Four Species of New World Moles with a Peniform Clitoris.” Reproduction 126:713–19.
Sasabe, M., Y. Takami, and T. Sota. 2007. “The Genetic Basis of Interspecific Differences in Genital Morphology of Closely Related Carabid Beetles.” Heredity 98:385–91.
Sbilordo, S. H., M. A. Schäfer, and P. I. Ward. 2009. “Sperm Release and Use at Fertilization by Yellow Dung Fly Females (Scathophaga stercoraria).” Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 98:511–18.
Schafstall, N. B. 2012. “Opportunities for Palaeoclimate Research on Coleoptera in Northwestern Europe.” M.Sc. thesis, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
Schaller, R. 1971. “Indirect Sperm Transfer by Soil Arthropods.” Annual Review of Entomology 16:407–46.
Scharf, I., and O. Y. Martin. 2013. “Same-Sex Sexual Behavior in Insects and Arachnids: Prevalence, Causes, and Consequences.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 67:1719–30.
Schilthuizen, M. 2000. Frogs, Flies, and Dandelions: The Making of Species. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schilthuizen, M. 2001. “Slug Sex Shocker.” Science Now online, September 6, 2001, http://news.sciencemag.org/2001/09/slug-sex-shocker.
Schilthuizen, M. 2003. “The Race for Solid Semen.” Science Now online, November 24, 2003, http://news.sciencemag.org/2003/11/race-solid-semen.
Schilthuizen, M. 2004. “Why Two Sexes Are Better Than One.” Science Now online, October 6, 2004, http://news.sciencemag.org/2004/10/why-two-sexes-are-better-one.
Schilthuizen, M. 2005. “The Darting Game in Snails and Slugs.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20:581–84.
Schilthuizen, M. 2009. The Loom of Life: Unravelling Ecosystems. Berlin: Springer.
Schilthuizen, M. 2010. “Darwins Peepshow.” Bionieuws, 20(18):8–9.
Schilthuizen, M. 2013. “Pelgrim in Parijs.” Entomologische Berichten 73:41.
Schilthuizen, M., P. G. Craze, A. S. Cabanban, A. Davison, E. Gittenberger, J. Stone, and B. J. Scott. 2007. “Sexual Selection Maintains Whole-Body Chiral Dimorphism.” Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20:1941–49.
Schilthuizen, M., and A. Davison. 2005. “The Convoluted Evolution of Snail Chirality.” Naturwissenschaften 92:504–15.
Schilthuizen, M., M. Haase, K. Koops, S. Looijestijn, and S. Hendrikse. 2012. “The Ecology of Shell Shape Difference in Chirally Dimorphic Snails.” Contributions to Zoology 81:95–101.
Schilthuizen, M., and S. Looijestijn. 2009. “The Sexology of the Chirally Dimorphic Snail Species Amphidromus inversus (Gastropoda: Camaenidae).” Malacologia 51:379–87.
Schilthuizen, M., B. J. Scott, A. S. Cabanban, and P. G. Craze. 2005. “Population Structure and Coil Dimorphism in a Tropical Land Snail.” Heredity 95:216–20.
Schneider, J. M., and P. Michalik. 2011. “One-Shot Genitalia Are Not an Evolutionary Dead End: Regained Male Polygamy in a Sperm Limited Spider Species.” BMC Evolutionary Biology 11:e197.
Schoot, P. van der, J. van Ophemert, and R. Baumgarten. 1992. “Copulatory Stimuli in Rats Induce Heat Abbreviation Through Effects on Genitalia but Not Through Effects on Central Nervous Mechanisms Supporting the Steroid Hormone-Induced Sexual Responsiveness.” Behavioural Brain Research 49:213–23.
Sedgwick, A. 1885. “The Development of Peripatus capensis.” Proceedings of the Royal Society 38:354–61.
Sekizawa, A., S. Seki, M. Tokuzato, S. Shiga, and Y. Nakashima. 2013. “Disposable Penis and Its Replenishment in a Simultaneous Hermaphrodite.” Biology Letters 9:20121150.
Shah, J., and N. Christopher. 2002. “Can Shoe Size Predict Penile Length?” BJU International 90:586–87.
Shapiro, A. M., and A. H. Porter. 1989. “The Lock and Key Hypothesis: Evolutionary and Biosystematic Interpretation of Insect Genitalia.” Annual Revie
w of Entomology 34:231–45.
Shen, L., H. Farid, and M. A. McPeek. 2009. “Modeling Three-Dimensional Morphological Structures Using Spherical Harmonics.” Evolution 63:1003–16.
Siva-Jothy, M. T., and R. E. Hooper. 1996. “Differential Use of Stored Sperm During Oviposition in the Damselfly Calopteryx splendens xanthostoma (Charpentier).” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 39:389–93.
Springer, M. S., G. C. Cleven, O. Madsen, W. W. de Jong, V. G. Waddell, H. M. Amrine, and M. J. Stanhope. 1997. “Endemic African Mammals Shake the Phylogenetic Tree.” Nature 388:61–64.
Stockley, P. 2002. “Sperm Competition Risk and Male Genital Anatomy: Comparative Evidence for Reduced Duration of Female Sexual Receptivity in Primates with Penile Spines.” Evolutionary Ecology 16:123–37.
Stutt, A. D., and M. T. Siva-Jothy. 2001. “Traumatic Insemination and Sexual Conflict in the Bed Bug Cimex lectularius.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98:5683–87.
Sukhsangchan, C., and J. Nabhitabhat. 2007. “Embryonic Development of Muddy Paper Nautilus, Argonauta hians Lightfoot, 1786, from Andaman Sea, Thailand.” Kasetsart Journal: Natural Science 41:531–38.
Summers, K. 2004. “Cross-Breeding of Distinct Color Morphs of the Strawberry Poison Frog (Dendrobates pumilio) from the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Panama.” Journal of Herpetology 38:1–8.
Symons, D. 1979. The Evolution of Human Sexuality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tait, N. N., and D. A. Briscoe. 1990. “Sexual Head Structures in the Onychophora: Unique Modifications for Sperm Transfer.” Journal of Natural History 24: 1517–27.
Tait, N. N., and J. M. Norman. 2001. “Novel Mating Behaviour in Florelliceps stutchburyae Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov. (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae) from Australia.” Journal of Zoology 253:301–8.
Tallamy, D. W., B. E. Powell, and J. A. McClafferty. 2001. “Male Traits Under Cryptic Female Choice in the Spotted Cucumber Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).” Behavioral Ecology 13:511–18.
Tanabe, T., and T. Sota. 2008. “Complex Copulatory Behavior and the Proximate Effect of Genital and Body Size Differences on Mechanical Reproductive Isolation in the Millipede Genus Parafontaria.” American Naturalist 171:692–99.
Tatsuta, H., K. Mizota, and S.-I. Akimoto. 2001. “Allometric Patterns of Heads and Genitalia in the Stag Beetle Lucanus maculifemoratus (Coleoptera: Lucanidae).” Annals of the Entomological Society of America 94:462–66.
Tauber, P. F., L. J. D. Zaneveld, D. Propping, and G. F. B. Schumacher. 1975. “Components of Human Split Ejaculates: I. Spermatozoa, Fructose, Immunoglobulins, Albumin, Lactoferrin, Transferrin and Other Plasma Proteins.” Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 43:249–67.
Tinbergen, L. 1939. “Zur Fortpflanzungsethologie von Sepia officinalis L.” Archives Néerlandaises de Zoologie 3:323–64.
Tinklepaugh, O. L. 1930. “Occurrence of Vaginal Plug in a Chimpanzee.” Anatomical Record 46:329–32.
Tripp, H. R. H. 1971. “Reproduction in Elephant-Shrews (Macroscelididae) with Special Reference to Ovulation and Implantation.” Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 26:149–59.
Trivers, R. L. 1972. “Parental Investment and Sexual Selection.” In Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man 1871–1971, edited by B. Campbell, 136–79. Chicago: Aldine.
Troisi, A., and M. Carosi. 1998. “Female Orgasm Rate Increases with Male Dominance in Japanese Macaques.” Animal Behaviour 56:1261–66.
Tutin, C. E. G. 1979. “Mating Patterns and Reproductive Strategies in a Community of Wild Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii).” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 6:29–38.
Uhl, G., S. H. Nessler, and J. M. Schneider. 2007. “Copulatory Mechanism in a Sexually Cannibalistic Spider with Genital Mutilation (Araneae: Araneidae: Argiope bruennichi).” Zoology 110:398–408.
Uhl, G., S. H. Nessler, and J. M. Schneider. 2010. “Securing Paternity in Spiders? A Review on Occurrence and Effects of Mating Plugs and Male Genital Mutilation.” Genetica 138:75–104.
VanDemark, N. L., and R. L. Hays. 1952. “Uterine Motility Responses to Mating.” American Journal of Physiology 170:518–21.
Veerman, E. 2010. “Onderscheidende penissen.” Noorderlicht, September 22, 2010, www.wetenschap24.nl/nieuws/artikelen/2010/september/Onderscheidende-penissen.html.
Vetten, L., and S. Haffejee. 2005. “Gang Rape: A Study in Inner-City Johannesburg.” SA Crime Quarterly 12:31–36.
Waage, J. K. 1979. “Dual Function of the Damselfly Penis: Sperm Removal and Transfer.” Science 203:916–18.
Waage, J. K. 1982. “Sperm Displacement by Male Lestes vigilax Hagen (Odonata: Zygoptera).” Odonatologica 11:201–9.
Waal, F. B. M. de. 1986. “The Brutal Elimination of a Rival Among Captive Chimpanzees.” Ethology and Sociobiology 7:237–51.
Walker, M. H., E. M. Roberts, T. Roberts, G. Spitteri, M. J. Streubig, J. L. Hartland, and N. N. Tait. 2006. “Observations on the Structure and Function of the Seminal Receptacles and Associated Accessory Pouches in Ovoviviparous Onychophorans from Australia (Peripatopsidae; Onychophora).” Journal of Zoology 270:531–42.
Wallen, K., and E. A. Lloyd. 2008. “Clitoral Variability Compared with Penile Variability Supports Nonadaptation of Female Orgasm.” Evolution and Development 10:1–2.
Ward, P. I. 1993. “Females Influence Sperm Storage and Use in the Yellow Dung Fly Scatophaga stercoraria (L.).” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 32:313–19.
Wasser, S. K., and D. Y. Isenberg. 1986. “Reproductive Failure Among Women: Pathology or Adaptation?” Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology 5:153–75.
Watson, P. J. 1991. “Multiple Paternity as Genetic Bet-Hedging in Female Sierra Dome Spiders, Linyphia litigiosa (Linyphiidae).” Animal Behaviour 41:343–60.
Watson, P. J. 1995. “Dancing in the Dome.” Natural History 104(3):40–43.
Watson, P. J. and J. R. B. Lighton. 1994. “Sexual Selection and the Energetics of Copulatory Courtship in the Sierra Dome Spider, Linyphia litigiosa.” Animal Behaviour 48:615–26.
Weiner, J. 1994. The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time. New York: Knopf.
West-Eberhard, M. J. 1984. “Sexual Selection, Social Communication, and Species-Specific Signals in Insects.” In Insect Communication, edited by T. Lewis, 283–324. London: Academic Press.
Weygoldt, P. 1969. The Biology of Pseudoscorpions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Whitney, N. M., H. L. Pratt, and J. C. Carrier. 2004. “Group Courtship, Mating Behaviour and Siphon Sac Function in the White-Tip Reef Shark, Triaenodon obesus.” Animal Behaviour 68:1435–42.
Wickler, W. 1966. “Ursprung und biologische Deutung des Genitalpräsentierens männlicher Primaten.” Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 23:422–37.
Wiktor, A. 1966. “Eine neue Nacktschneckenart (Gastropoda, Limacidae) aus Polen.” Annales Zoologici 23:449–57.
Wildt, L., S. Kissler, P. Licht, and W. Becker. 1998. “Sperm Transport in the Human Female Genital Tract and Its Modulation by Oxytocin as Assessed by Hysterosalpingoscintigraphy, Hysterotonography, Electrohysterography, and Doppler Sonography.” Human Reproduction Update 4:655–66.
Williams, P. H. 1991. “The Bumble Bees of the Kashmir Himalaya (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombini).” Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History: Entomology 60:1–204.
Williamson, S. 1998. “The Truth About Women.” New Scientist 159(2145):34.
Winterbottom, M., T. Burke, and T. R. Birkhead. 1999. “A Stimulatory Phalloid Organ in a Weaver Bird.” Nature 399:28.
Winterbottom, M., T. Burke, and T. R. Birkhead. 2001. “The Phalloid Organ, Orgasm and Sperm Competition in a Polygynandrous Bird: The Red-Billed Buffalo Weaver (Bubalornis niger).” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 50:474–82.
Wojcieszek, J. M., and L. W. Simmons. 2011. “Evidence for Stabilizing Selection and Slow Divergent Evolu
tion of Male Genitalia in a Millipede (Antichiropus variabilis).” Evolution 66:1138–53.
Woodall, P. F. 1995. “The Penis of Elephant Shrews (Mammalia: Macroscelididae).” Journal of Zoology 237:399–410.
Yamane, T., and T. Miyatake. 2012. “Evolutionary Correlation Between Male Substances and Female Remating Frequency in a Seed Beetle.” Behavioral Ecology 23:715–22.
Yanagimachi, R., and M. C. Chang. 1963. “Sperm Ascent Through the Oviduct of the Hamster and Rabbit in Relation to the Time of Ovulation.” Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 6:413–20.
Yong, E. 2012. “The Bruce Effect: Why Some Pregnant Monkeys Abort When New Males Arrive.” Discover online, February 23, 2012, http://blogs.discovermaga zine.com/notrocketscience/2012/02/23/the-bruce-effect-why-some-pregnant-monkeys-abort-when-new-males-arrive/.
Zarrow, M. X., and J. H. Clark. 1968. “Ovulation Following Vaginal Stimulation in a Spontaneous Ovulator and Its Implications.” Journal of Endocrinology 40: 343–52.
Zietsch, B. P., and P. Santtila. 2011. “Genetic Analysis of Orgasmic Function in Twins and Siblings Does Not Support the By-Product Theory of Female Orgasm.” Animal Behaviour 82:1097–1101.
Index
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. To find the corresponding locations in the text of this digital version, please use the “search” function on your e-reader. Note that not all terms may be searchable
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
abortion, natural, 87–88, 144
Adaptation and Natural Selection (Williams), 3
Agassiz, Louis, 161
Alberti, Gerd, 135–36
allometry, genital, 101–3
amber fossils, 96–97
Amphidromus snail shell coiling, 177–82, 181
Anatomical Record journal, 141
Anderson, Matthew, 141
Animal Behaviour journal, 53–54, 59